This is a breakdown of some of the discussed topics from class 05. Please note that this is not a “study guide” simply a synopsis and an on-line continuation of the class conversation.
Discussion points:
Positivism:
A philosophy founded by Auguste Comte witch declares natural (empirical) sciences to be the sole source of true knowledge and rejects the cognitive value of philosophical study. Positivism emerged in response to the inability of speculative philosophy to solve philosophical problems which had arisen as a result of scientific development. Positivism is essentially empiricism brought to extreme logical consequences in certain respects: inasmuch as any knowledge is empirical knowledge in one form or another, no speculation can be knowledge. Positivism has not escaped the lot of traditional philosophy, since its own propositions (rejection of speculation, phenomenalism, etc.) turned out to be unverifiable by experience and, consequently, metaphysical.
Comte’s view of transforming society on the basis of scientific understanding of material reality.
Additional information on Positivism can be found in The Dictionary of Philosophy, Progress Publishers
Q: What led to the development of artistic and scientific representation of the landscape and photography’s position(s) within this genera?
A: The perfection of the camera obscura to represent nature with exact accuracy from perspective to detailed organic depiction of study supported advancements in chemical fixation of reflected images.
A: Photographic consumption: The demand for souvenirs of the “exotic” for the middle-class traveler’s demand
A: Photographic consumption: The demand for souvenirs of the “exotic” for the middle-class traveler’s demand
Photographic campaign’s and sponsorship
Missions Heliographiques
Organized in 1851 by the Commission des Monuments Historiques
(Commission on Historical Monuments) under the supervision of Napoleon III
to provide a pictorial census of France’s architectural patrimony.
The documentation of aged structures prior to their restoration under the guidance
of the architect Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc
Photographers nominated:
Edouard Denis Baldus, Hippolyte Bayard, Gustive Le Gray, Henri Le Secq, and
O. Mestral
Colonialism
First published Tue May 9, 2006
Colonialism is a practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to another. One of the difficulties in defining colonialism is that it is difficult to distinguish it from imperialism. Frequently the two concepts are treated as synonyms. Like colonialism, imperialism also involves political and economic control over a dependent territory. Turning to the etymology of the two terms, however, provides some suggestion about how they differ. The term colony comes from the Latin word colonus, meaning farmer. This root reminds us that the practice of colonialism usually involved the transfer of population to a new territory, where the new arrivals lived as permanent settlers while maintaining political allegiance to their country of origin. Imperialism, on the other hand, comes from the Latin term imperium, meaning to command. Thus, the term imperialism draws attention to the way that one country exercises power over another, whether through settlement, sovereignty, or indirect mechanisms of control.
The legitimacy of colonialism has been a longstanding concern for political and moral philosophers in the Western tradition. At least since the Crusades and the conquest of the Americas, political theorists have struggled with the difficulty of reconciling ideas about justice and natural law with the practice of European sovereignty over non-Western peoples. In the nineteenth century, the tension between liberal thought and colonial practice became particularly acute, as dominion of Europe over the rest of the world reached its zenith. Ironically, in the same period when most political philosophers began to defend the principles of universalism and equality, the same individuals still defended the legitimacy of colonialism and imperialism. One way of reconciling those apparently opposed principles was the argument known as the “civilizing mission,” which suggested that a temporary period of political dependence or tutelage was necessary in order for “uncivilized” societies to advance to the point where they were capable of sustaining liberal institutions and self-government.
The goal of this entry is to analyze the relationship between Western political theory and the project of colonialism. After providing a more thorough discussion of the concept of colonialism, the third and forth sections of the entry will address the question of how European thinkers justified, legitimize, and challenged political domination. The fifth section briefly discusses the Marxist tradition, including Marx's own defense of British colonialism in India and Lenin's anti-imperialist writings. The final section provides an introduction to contemporary “post-colonial theory.” This approach has been particularly influential in literary studies because it draws attention to the diverse ways that postcolonial subjectivities are constituted and resisted through discursive practices. The goal of the entry is to provide an overview of the vast and complex literature that explores the theoretical issues emerging out of the experience of European colonization.
The U.S. Geological Survey:
The USGS was created by an act of Congress on March 3, 1879. It was charged with the “classification of the public lands, and examination of the geological structure, mineral resources, and products of the national domain.” This task was driven by the need to inventory the vast lands added to the United States by the Louisiana Purchase in 1803
Please visit the USGS at: www.usgs.gov
West of the 100th Meridian along the 40th Parallel
The Rephotographic Survey Project 1977
Third View
http://www.thirdview.org/3v/rephotos/index.html
detail, atmosphere and tonal range:
Photographic critic Lady Elizabeth Eastlake from the Quarterly Review, 1857:
“…if the sky be given, therefore, the landscape remains black and underdone; if the
Landscape be rendered, the impatient action of light has burnt out all cloud form in one blaze of white…”
Combination printing:
Using masks and combining two negatives on the same print - one for the sky and one for the ground - or employing hand-manipulations to remove unattractive mottled and gray areas.
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